Life of Celia Cruz - 1966 Words

Celia Cruz was one of the most famous Cuban salsa singers. She was nicknamed the Queen of Salsa, with more than thirty-six albums, recorded with some other leading singers in Latin music. Celia worked as a singer for more than forty years, and during that time, she became well known for her vigorous work, great personality, and her emotional way of singing. During her performances, she was well known for being able to improvise lyrics. She was an artist with over six decades of success making her an inspiration to the Latin community as well as the rest of the world. The talented singer was born on October 21, 1925, in the Santo Suarez neighborhood of Havana. Her singing talent was obvious even when she was young, but instead of pursuing†¦show more content†¦And one day, instead of telling the story, I simply walked down the stairs and shouted Azucar! Celia might be compared with US jazz vocalist Sarah Vaughan in her ability to bring vocal techniques to a primarily instrumental music, but she has a more essentially popular appeal than any jazz singer. Seemingly indestructible vocally, Celia continued a full schedule of concerts and recordings throughout the 1980s and beyond. She received a Grammy award for the album Ritmo en el corazà ³n, recorded with conga player Ray Barretto, in 1990, as well as an honorary doctorate from Yale University. Still a major star in her own right, Celia became an inspiration for numerous younger performers (such as Gloria Estefan) in the 1990s; her audience hardly aged along with her. Weve never had to attract these kids, she told Time. They come by themselves. Rock is a strong influence on them, but they still want to know about their roots. For most Latin Americans, indeed, Celia Cruz has been and remains a much-loved figure, an icon of Latin culture. There were simply three great loves in Celia’s life: Pedro Knight, music and of course, Cuba. Celia’s love life has been a secret well kept by those close to her. Hectà ³r Ramà ­rez Bedoya revealed in his Historia de la Sonora Mantancera y sus estrellas (History of the Sonora Mantancera and its Stars, 1996); Celia was engaged for a while to Alfredo Leà ³n, a young bass player and the son of Bienvenido Leà ³n, member of the notedShow MoreRelatedThe Queen Of Salsa Vs Fidel Castro2134 Words   |  9 Pagesof Salsa vs Fidel Castro Celia Cruz was born Celia Caridad Cruz Alfonso on October 21, 1925, in a working-class neighborhood of Havana, Cuba. She began singing professionally on Cuban radio and in nightclubs in the late 1940s while studying music theory and voice at a music academy in Havana from 1947 to 1950. In 1950, she began singing with the popular Cuban orchestra La Sonora Matancera. Over the next 15 years, their collaboration had many hit singles, which raised Celia to the top as she performedRead MoreCristina Garcias Dreaming in Cuban Essay3280 Words   |  14 Pagesone direct family member of Celia del Pino. Celia is the matriarch of the del Pino family from whom many of the conflicts involved in the family originate. As a young woman, Celia meets and falls in love with a Spaniard named Gustavo. Unfortunately for her, Gustavo is married man who soon after a passionate love affair returns to Spain. The mother of Lourdes, Felicia and Javier, is then courted by her future husband Jorge del Pino. On ce persuaded to marry Jorge, Celia moves in with Jorge’s motherRead MoreI Am Grateful For Having Been Exposed By Dr. Muvingi1518 Words   |  7 Pagesemotions, identify the full range of options for resolution and create openings for the disputants to communicate about possible outcomes, reach the center of conflicts, and finally catalyze transformation. I believe most humans spend most of their life pursuing happiness and not embracing reality as it is, full of unexpected surprises, including conflicts. From my perception, one of the things represented in the chapters I shared in my class presentation is a call to shift the boundaries of howRead MoreLatin American Music And Latin America Essay1926 Words   |  8 Pagesaround the indigenous people and consisted of items such as â€Å"jaguar claws, animal and human bones and specially treated inflated eyes of tigers† (Logan). The original people of Latin America became artists, in a way that directly related to their way of life. Logan also shares that the people began to create a pentatonic scale to represent the five fingers on the hand. During the Early Centuries of Conquest (1492-1750), the music began its first transformation through â€Å"determined efforts of colonialRead More Biography of Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp Essay4038 Words   |  17 PagesBiography of Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp was born on March 19, 1848 in Monmouth, Illinois. His father Nicholas was a lawyer who preferred a life of farming. From an early age, Wyatt learned from his father to stand up for what was right. When Wyatt was two years old, the family moved to Iowa. In 1861, the Civil War broke out, and Wyatts father and three older brothers joined the Union Army. Soon after, Wyatt ran away to enlist, but his father caught him and sent him back homeRead MoreCaribbean Crucible: History, Culture, and Globalization4302 Words   |  18 Pagesaccess to resources that today imprints all aspects of Caribbean society, economics, and politics. As the anti-slavery struggle finally ended, it gave way to the anti-colonial, nationalist struggle, a prominent feature of twentieth-century Caribbean life, led for the most part by workers and their nascent organizations.2 At the same time, European dominance gave way in large part, though not completely, to U.S. political, cultural, and military hegemonyÂâ€"including a number of military interventionsÂâ€"whichRead MoreEconomic Aspects of Agrarian Reform12715 Words   |  51 Pagesviewpoints. Eduardo Tadem, University of the Philippines Release Date:  12/31/1969 Usually ships in 24 hours Assessments and Evaluations Please let me know of material that should be included in these links! Impact of Agrarian Reform on Poverty Celia M. Reye,  Philippine Institute for Development Studies DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2002-0 ... results show that agrarian reform has had a positive impact on farmer beneficiaries... Agrarian Reform Philippines | Economy Watch Agrarian Reform

Offshore Drilling Is An Essential Part Of Today s Oil

Offshore drilling has become an essential part of today’s oil production and demand for energy. With the growth of population comes the increasing demand for oil. The oil industry today, is one of the most used providers of energy. Today in the 20th century the majority of the population in America has a car and cars needs gas to run. The oil reserves in the earth that are easily accessible via land are starting to run dry and are becoming harder to find. This is why we have begun to see more and more offshore oil drills. Although there are benefits of offshore drilling such as profit, lower gas prices, and becoming less dependent on foreign oil. There are also many drawbacks in which if something were to go wrong, the mistake would be catastrophic impacting the environment, the nature, and have trickling effects all around the world. When people hear the word oil it is commonly interpreted as gas, but the oil that we drill is not what goes into our cars. The oil that is retrieved from the ground is called crude oil, Oil in its raw natural form and when it becomes refined it is used in plastics, rubber, and gasoline. †Gasoline is a volatile, flammable liquid obtained from the refinement of petroleum, or crude oil. It was originally discarded as a byproduct of kerosene production.† The first oil well was found and harvested in Titusville, Pennsylvania by a man named Edwin L. Drake, in 1859. The well was about 70 feet deep (How gas). It pumped between 20-40 barrels a dayShow MoreRelatedIndividual Global Crises Are the Result of a Failing Global System747 Words   |  3 Pagessmaller components and analyze each piece separately in order to find a solution. This is a good method for problem solving, however, we must take into consideration that many problems are complex and their components intricately c onnected. It is essential that we put these pieces back together and analyze the problem as a whole to make sure we are not missing any critical information. In this paper I am going to explore many issues of global crises. I will argue that global crises such as environmentalRead MoreA Brief Explanation On The Importance Of Clean Water1170 Words   |  5 PagesClean water is the source of life and the essential resource for every living thing that lives and breathes on earth including plants, insects, animals and humans. 2 Besides being essential for our bodies to function, clean water also promotes life in numerous other ways, including vegetation on land, biochemical processes and photosynthesis. Without clean water and its unique properties, life as we know it on earth would not exist. During the early 1970’s congress began assessing national water qualityRead MoreThe Population Of Humans On Earth1468 Words   |  6 Pagesfor resources such as food and water. Once a civilisation grew large enough to have the food produced outside of larger cities and sold to the people in the cities, Diseases were the main factor holding population in check. However in the early 1800’s, the population of the world increased drastically due to advances in medicine that greatly increases the expected lifespan as well as reducing the infant death rate. In today’s world, the population is growing at a rate that is devastating to the earthRead MoreThe Global Spread Of Oil Drilling2565 Words   |  11 Pages2016 Oil Drilling The global spread of oil drilling is connected to the reasons why oil was first exploited in the first place; it was plentiful, it had the highest energy density per weight, it was not already being exploited. Chief to the purpose of this paper on oil drilling lies in the words was and had. The fact that those words are in the past, and the idea that things superior to oil have come along, is something that needs to be brought up more often. The fact is that oil, as a resourceRead MorePower, Control and Resistance Are Key Determinants of Organizational Life2369 Words   |  10 Pagesin the Gulf of Mexico oil spill? Discuss using relevant organisational theories. 1. Introduction Alongside with Shell and ExxonMobil, British Petroleum Amoco (BP) is one of the world‟s largest energy companies, providing its customers with fuel for transportation, energy for heat and light, retail services and petrochemicals products for everyday items. As cited by (Skjaerseth and Skodvin 2001), with the multinational companies linked in worldwide operations, the oil industry constitutes aRead MoreChin The Second Largest Oil2766 Words   |  12 Pagesfast in just twenty years like China has emerged since 1980s. Today, China is the second largest oil buyer and the fourth largest oil producing state in the world (China Energy Profile, 2010). Energy demand in China is increasing every day, especially in oil. Its own production is below 49%, i.e. 3.9 million barrels per day, so to fill the domestic shortage; China is hunting for partners around the globe. CNPC administer and manage oil and gas production and examination, field engineering and otherRead MoreImplication of Oil and Gas Investment in Ghana15418 Words   |  62 Pages1. O INTRODUCTION The purpose of this chapter is to give an introduction to the motive for selecting the implications and importance of oil and gas investment as the main subject of this project work. The background and history of this project are followed by the subject, providing an introduction to the main theme of this work. The problems for discussion are further presented in order to illustrate the main problems of this study. This chapter was completed by illustrating the structure ofRead MoreBritish Petroleum ( Bp )2547 Words   |  11 PagesBritish multinational oil and gas company; whose headquarters is on London. BP developed its reach in America by buying up companies like Standard Oil of Ohio, ARCO and Amoco (Tharoor). â€Å"Twenty years ago, BP was nothing like the powerful multinational corporation it is today† (PBS: Frontline). BP became this powerful company by using an ideology known as â€Å"run to failure.† In other words, use things until they break in order to sav e money (PBS: Frontline). Over the years, many oil companies have facedRead MoreBp Management and Strategies Research Paper3337 Words   |  14 PagesBritish Petroleum and Recommendations for Improvement and Success Abstract This paper will look at British Petroleum, BP, one of the largest oil companies in the world. Following the Gulf Oil Spill does BP have sustainability in this market? This paper will examine the early history of the company. It will look at the competitive advantages of the organization by looking at its SWOT analysis. The company’s market strategy will be examined including its growing interest into alternative fuelsRead MoreThe Benefits of Green Technolgy2595 Words   |  11 Pagespopulation, these changes ultimately led to the establishment of the â€Å"green revolution.† â€Å"Climate change concerns and an increased international awareness to protect the environment have made adoption of green practices a priority† (Communications Today, July, 2010). Green technology basically is technology that is environmentally friendly and is made and used in a way that uses fewer natural resources. Green technology also is meant to create alternative sources of tec hnology that reduce fossil

Workplace Ethical Dilema Free Essays

Ethical dilemmas can occur at any workplace. For this reason, codes of ethics are developed to help guide and set the standards for moral conduct for that profession. Code of ethics also helps establish procedures on how to deal with misconduct. We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace Ethical Dilema or any similar topic only for you Order Now While serving in the United States Navy, I came across several ethical dilemmas in my workplace. One dilemma that I remember clearly is one in which an officer (higher rank) and enlisted (lower rank) were involved in fraternization. Fraternization in the Navy is not acceptable and is referred to as a relationship between an enlisted and officer who are dating, who engage in intimate behavior, share a home, borrow money or gamble. Fraternization in the military can be punishable under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. On board the Navy ship there were approximately a total of 350 service members who were both men and women. Interaction between both sexes was inevitable; however two service members on board took it too far. There was a service member (enlisted male) who began to have a relationship with his boss (female officer). Both agreed to keep their relationship a secret while onboard the ship. One after noon I was out in town at a local store when I spotted both members holding hands together. I was not friends with either one, and did not say anything to them. I realized that their behavior was non ethical, but I did not want to be involved. Looking back at the situation my thoughts about it followed the principles of nonmaleficence. Nonmaleficence refers as doing no harm or mischief. I thought to myself that they were not causing harm to anyone therefore I did not want to report them. Through an ethical relativism view I realized that the dilemma was not morally wrong however, the situation in which they were engages did not follow the ethical standards of the workplace. However my view about the whole situation changed when I talked about it with another co-worker and she informed me that the female officer was married. The fact that she was married completely changed my perspective about the situation. Now, not only was it ethically wrong but it was morally wrong too. At this point the dilemma then interfered with my personal values. My personal values are may not be the same to the ones of others; however the choices they made went against my beliefs and values. Growing up I was always taught that fidelity and commitment to your partner is very important. I put myself in the spouse’s shoes and realized I would never want to go through that. The behaviors the engaged were bothersome and I felt very uncomfortable around them. I can relate this dilemma to the thoughts of Socrates, that no one voluntarily does evil when they know good. If evil is done is because there is some type of benefit within for that person committing evil. The officer in this case is aware of the evil she is committing, however she is gaining comfort, perhaps love, or pleasure from her behavior with the enlisted male. Both personnel practiced ethical egoism, due to fact that they only care about their happiness and did not care about those who got hurt. This is when I realized that I needed to speak up about this dilemma. In order to resolve this dilemma I needed to speak up and report what I knew and saw to my higher chain of command. I would have to say that I applied the theory of Kant. Good will and motivation was the base of my decision to report the dilemma. I knew that making this decision was going to bring bad consequences for both members, however I did what I thought was best. In my decision making process with the Kantian approach, ethical decisions were based on my sense of duty. The word duty is derived from the Greek word deon (deontological). Duty refers to the acts of a person based on the principles of morality. In this decision making approach I had to make decisions based on what is right rather than the good or bad consequences that will follow. A person must make the morally right decision regardless of the good or bad outcome. Categorical imperative is what determines whether an act is morally right or wrong. The requirements of categorical imperatives are that moral principles are applied by respecting humanity. In this deontological point of view a person should act rational person and make self-imposed decisions. After reporting the situation to the chain of command, I was asked to speak up and testify along with others who had observed the same behaviors. Both services members were punished by the UCMJ and forced out of the military. The consequences to their behavior are what constitute it to be wrong. The ethical dilemma went against my personal values and belief. This is why I decided to speak up and report what I knew regardless of the consequences. Both members were aware of the good and evil and instead decided to go for the evil not that they could hurt others. This ethical dilemma not only affected them in a personal level but affected the work place as well. After all the consequences, sailors onboard are very careful about fraternization. Workplace ethical dilemmas can happen at any work place, therefore it is important to maintain an updated code of ethics. This will help and guide employees on procedures , employee conduct and misconduct consequences. How to cite Workplace Ethical Dilema, Essay examples

Linkin Park A Thousand Suns free essay sample

With the release of its latest album, â€Å"A Thousand Suns,† it is clear that Linkin Park needs to return to its roots. The bands first two albums, â€Å"Hybrid Theory† and â€Å"Meteora,† featured a blend of rap, nu-metal, and alternative metal. The â€Å"hybrid theory† the band referred to was their fusion of rap and rock. Unfortunately, only three songs on â€Å"A Thousand Suns† include rapping from front man Mike Shinoda, and only two feature screaming from Chester Bennington, both staples on the first two records. Starting with its third album, â€Å"Minutes to Midnight,† and continuing with this one, Linkin Park has tried to diversify, but it has taken it a bit too far. Although I cant say every track is terrible on â€Å"A Thousand Suns,† I do believe the group is losing its edge. â€Å"A Thousand Suns† is a concept album, a first for Linkin Park, and I give the group credit for that, as it displays views on politics that Im sure many would agree with. We will write a custom essay sample on Linkin Park: A Thousand Suns or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some songs even feature speeches by American political figures. The new direction of the album is also reflected in its styles of music. The hard rap, metal, and rock the band became famous for has nearly disappeared, with many of the these songs going for either a softer, melodic feel or a techno/pop vibe. Both Shinoda and Bennington sing – as seen in the first single, â€Å"The Catalyst† – but sadly they use tuners on their voices. The band has gone in a new direction, using electric drumbeats and incorporating more piano. At some points its hard to tell you are even listening to Linkin Park. In my opinion, the new techno/pop vibe is not good; â€Å"The Catalyst† is repetitive and boring, and most of the songs dont fit the sound the group is known for. The softer singing really brings down the energy level that gave Linkin Park its following. But not everything is awful, Two tracks – â€Å"Blackout† and â€Å"Wretches and Kings† – show flashes of the old group. Additionally, â€Å"Waiting for the End,† a reggae-style song, and â€Å"When They Come for Me,† one of the songs featuring rapping, are a surprisingly enjoyable change from the bands usual sound. Sadly, if these songs had been on the earlier releases by Linkin Park, they might have been considered inferior. It is understandable that the band is trying to broaden its horizons (lyrics from â€Å"When They Come for Me† state â€Å"Once you have the theory of how the thing works, everybody wants the next thing to be just like the first†), but I believe a return to its roots would be a wise move for Linkin Parks next project.

Computer Role In Society Essays - Hacker, Software,

Computer Role In Society Since the first computer was made in the late fifties, the technology has developed extremely. Computers which took the place of a living-room then, are now being made in creditcard-formats. More and more areas are being taken over by the computer. As computers are capable of handling large amounts of data in a very short time, they are well suited for wordprocessing. I guess that it won't be long till all the paper-archives are replaced by magnetic tapes and diskettes. A diskette can contain much more data than a written page, and it takes less place! It is possible to get the Norwegian telephone book on just one diskette. In near future, a new area will be taken over by computers, namely maps. Different routes are stored on one single compact-disk. Imagine, simply insert the CD into the CD-driver in your car, and tell the computer where to go. The rest will be done automatically. This will be a safer, faster, and more comfortable way to travel. Another new area, called "virtual reality" is currently being tested. This is a way to simulate reality on a monitor. In order to feel this so-called reality you have to wear special electronic glasses and an electronic suit. Fastened to the suit are sensors, which send information to the main computer. This computer works with the data and displays them on the electronic spectacles. This is a technique which use three-dimentional views, therefore the scenery seems incredibly realistic. If you want to be a boxer, simply change the scenery on the main computer, and you are in the ring. Today, many kids have got video games. You could say these games are the present's answer to ludo and monopoly. In a way, it is a great advantage that the kids are being presented to computors at an early age, because they will definitely have to use them later, when they start to work. In the future there will be few occupations which won't use computors, one way or another. But the videogames are often being presented as something negative, which hinder the kids from doing homework and other more useful activities. This partially true, if they do much of it. But generally, I think the young people's contact with computers is positive. In Norway today, it is getting more common to have a computer at home. You can use a personal computer to keep household-budgets or other economics. It is also possible to get in touch with your bank and transwer money while you're in your sitting-room. It is possible to contact other databases and gather information from them. The use of computers has lead to other criminal actions. "Hacking" is one of them. A "hacker" steals and manipulates information from other databases. These crimes can be very harmful. In The USA, hackers have managed to break into NASA's database. The computer-programmes, the software, are extremely high priced, sometimes they are even more expensive than the hardware. Therefore it is not unusual to make copies of these programmes. This is strictly illegal, but nobody seems to care, because it is difficult to control it. Software producers loose BILLIONS of dollars each year because of this. Many methods have been invented to prevent this, but since the "hackers" often are more intelligent than those who make the software, I doubt that there will ever be a successfull way to hinder this.

Follow the News Online in Spanish

Follow the News Online in Spanish As recently as 2000, nearly all the breaking news available on the Internet was in English. The few daily online news publications in Spanish were devoted primarily to local concerns of little interest to an international audience. Finding Spanish News Publications Online But, as with much of the Internet, the situation has changed rapidly. These days, the choice is almost limitless. I have found that a daily reading of the days events in Spanish is an excellent way of learning the language as it is really being used. As would be expected, CNN en Espaà ±ol is the site most like the comprehensive, 24-hour English-language sites. Since most of the articles are translated from English, they are usually easier for Spanish learners to understand. A wide selection of articles is available, with an emphasis on those relating to the United States, Latin America, business and sports. Also based in the U.S. is the Spanish-language news field is Google News Espaà ±a, which regularly updates its listing of Spanish-language articles every few minutes. Despite the sites name, there are plenty of news sources listed from Latin America and places other than Spain. Another site updated around the clock, but far less flashy, is that of Agencia EFE, a news service. Theres a definite business slant to the stories, most of which come from Europe. This site also has one of the few Spanish-language news tickers around. Another U.S.-based comprehensive Spanish-language news source is El Nuevo Herald. Although affiliated with The Miami Herald, El Nuevo Herald is more than a translation of the English online newspaper. Much of its content is original, and its probably the best place to learn news of Cuba. Comprehensive sites from the Spanish-speaking world include Argentinas Clarà ­n and Spains ABC. Many of the other Spanish-language newspaper sites on the Web emphasize their national news rather than attempt to provide comprehensive world coverage. But they provide a perspective that cant be found anywhere else. And if youre planning a trip to a Spanish-speaking area, its a good way find out whats happening there before going.

Inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Inflation - Essay Example There are different reasons that contribute to inflation in any economy which varies in terms of supply and demand of commodities in supply and the means of exchange (Baumol & Blinder, 2011, p 37). According to economists, moderate or low economic inflation can be caused by the increase in demand of commodities or the scarcity on the side of suppliers. On the other hand, hyperinflation is attributed to high supply of currency in the market in which the individual who possesses it buys commodities at high prices than they ought to cost under normal circumstances. This has ever been witnessed in different countries where currencies have inflated to trigger an economic threat to the businesses within the society. In attempts to curb the inflation from rising to hyperinflation, various methods have been implemented which have led to stabilisation of the economy and improve the predictability of the market conditions. In United Kingdom, UK inflation happened and the country implemented va rious methods that led to balancing of the economy so that investors could continue to invest in that economy. In looking at the effects of inflation, it is good to consider the various things that lead to it and means that can be used to control it with a practical example of a country that has ever been affected and implemented some methods they used to control it with a focus at the advantages and disadvantages of those methods. In the economy, there are different explanations that economists give as the causes of the economic inflation that affect nation; these are given according to the different types of inflation that are found within an area. In general, the general causes of inflation plays around supply and demand of various things in the market that have direct influence of on the prices of the commodity to be bought. This means that abundance or scarcity of a particular determinant of trade i.e. goods or services and means of exchange, can cause prices of the commodities to rise within a short period. Following this perception, the abundance on the side of demand causes prices to go high because of the competition that arise from the different buyers who are interested in a particular commodity. The other perspective that causes inflation is the scarcity on the side of the supply where only little products over which buyers compete to attain making the sellers to determine the buyer through high prices that are attainable by just a few of them. From this perspective, there are two major categorisation of inflation in the economy, which are dependent on supply and demand in the market where individuals trade and which include moderate and high rate or hyperinflation (Credan, 2006, p45). Moderate inflation is caused by different situation of the demand and supply of the products in the market and can result from increase in the demand for products or reduction of supply. As a result of increased demand for goods or services, many customers that requi re a particular product contest for it financially and can lead to high prices of such products as in accordance to the law of demand that says that the higher the demand, the lower the supply and hence, the higher the price of the commodity. This results to inflation because

The Contribution of Geriatric Health Services Research to Successful Essay

The Contribution of Geriatric Health Services Research to Successful Aging - Essay Example The variables for the contributions of Geriatric Health Services Research include : changing care patterns to increase chances of successful; eliminating the iatrogenic consequences of medical care preservation of quality of their aging. Added to these, Owe and Kahn pointed out three components of health services and these are: the changing care patterns to gain chances of successful aging; and elimination of the iatrogenic consequences. On the other hand, measures of frailty, life satisfaction or quality of life, and Physical health are few of the successful aging variables. Several other factors may also be included, like substantial roles, physical and social-psychological environment. Moderator variables may also be added in the study, like evaluation of objective physical disability, subjective physical and mental health. Experimental designs by way of randomized trial and the quasi-experimental methods were needed. This step basically required closely examination of the participants as well as the personnel. Randomized trial and the quasi-experimental methods according to Gay (1999) are two of the strongest designs in providing empirical evidence. It is substantial in establishing the effects of the treatments used. ... 1. Chronic Illness Care 2. Use of Clinical Measures3 Evaluating the effects of this conjoint program; and The Contribution 2 4. Strengthen Geriatric Health Services Policies. Ho3: Geriatric Health Services Department has not attained the high level of "Successful Aging". Types of VariablesThe variables for the contributions of Geriatric Health Services Research include : changing care patterns to increase chances of successful; eliminating the iatrogenic consequences of medical care preservation of quality of their aging. Added to these, Owe and Kahn pointed out three components of health services and these are: the changing care patterns to gain chances of successful aging; and elimination of the iatrogenic consequences. On the other hand, measures of frailty, life satisfaction or quality of life, and Physical health are few of the successful aging variables. Several other factors may also be included, like substantial roles, physical and social-psychological environment. Moderator variables may also be added in the study, like evaluation of objective physical disability, subjective physical and mental health. Methods Used in the Study.Experimental designs by way of randomized trial and the quasi-experimental methods were needed. This step basically required closely examination of the participants as well as the personnel. Randomized trial and the quasi-experimental methods according to Gay (1999) are two of the strongest designs in providing empirical evidence. It is substantial in establishing the effects of the treatments used. It can control certain degree of biases brought about by differential failure or loss to follow-up, the inadequate of control over risk

Analyzing assignment (e.g. advertisement, speech, etc)

Analyzing (e.g. advertisement, speech, etc) - Assignment Example One poet Nick Toczek welcomes the exposure that comes with the use of poetry in advertising and has himself written poetry for advertising use by Prudential, â€Å"Our kids, who've grown and flown the nest, / Now only phone us to request / More cash on loan, their tone depressed† (Hickman 1) The use of poetry in advertising is an approach that allows artistic expression, and reaches a large audience. It is used by advertisers because it is pleasant and easily remembered. It is embraced by many poets and artists because it allows them to promote their work to a much larger audience. As some people say, life is poetry it is rhyme, cadence, and meter. Within reason one could see examples of poetry in every aspect of life, some rough examples, harsh and grating and in other details soft, firm, loving. However, to answer the question directly the reason advertisers use poetry is because it is memorable, expressive and above all human. Hickman, L. (2009). The rise of poetry in adver tising. guardian.co.uk, (p 1), Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2009/dec/02/rise-poetry-in-advertising Zinkhan, George. (1994). From the editor: poetry in advertising. M.E.

Video Games and Gender

Video Games and Gender The origin of video games is very different from their use today. The earliest innovation in video games is the invention of the idea itself. The idea of having an fast changing or moving objects on a display that a person could interact with. This idea resulted in the game OXO or Naught and Crosses made by Alexander S. Douglas in 1949 for his Ph.D. thesis on human and computer interaction in the University of Cambridge. The machine utilized a cathode ray tube as its display unit. (Winter, 1998) OXO however did not have moving images or video rather it was a set series of tubes that lit up in accordance to the rest of the machine and programming. (Winter, 1998) The idea of using a computer and a display device was again visited upon in 1958 by William Higinbotham using an oscilloscope and an analog computer, thus Tennis for Two was born. The game was simple, the 5 inch oscilloscope displayed a game of tennis which was controlled two players, each with their own controllers and the objective was to keep the relay going as long as possible. The aim of this invention was to liven up the Brookhaven Nuclear Research Laboratory exhibit and nothing more. The device was dismantled in 1959. (Nowak, 2008) Early video games were developed for the sake of innovation. The inventors who made them did not market them as consumer products; rather they were showcases on what the current technology at the time could do. It was in 1971 when Nolan Bushnell made the arcade game called Computer Space where the video game as an industry started. What made this arcade game different was it included a coin slot which meant it was a pay to play machine. It was, however released to a very limited audience because the machine was only available to universities and corporations which had the necessary hardware to run the arcade machine. It was not until 1972 that video games became widespread among the population with PONG. Research Questions and Objectives The aim of this research is to find out the affect of video games on the gender gap or to be more precise: how video games increase the gender gap. What are the factors that help increase this perceived division among the sexes? Do males and females truly have different interests in video games? Significance of the Study Video games are one of the most prolific forms of media today; therefore, just like any other form of media, it ought to be studied. This has a particular relevance to the youth who on average play video games the most. Gamers or those who consider themselves hardcore video game players will find that their favorite pastimes are more complex that they thought and will expand their perspective. Parents who buy games for their children will also find studies on video games to be helpful as it will help them gain a better idea on the said topic. Perhaps the one are most likely to take notice of this are the video game developers who have to power to incorporate the content of such studies in their development of future games. Scope and Limitations This research will be limited to the topic under study that is, video games and the perceived widening of the gender gap that they cause. For this study, young adults of any gender in the age range of 20 to 30 years old as it is believed that this is a stage where many are likely to play video games and be aware of what they think. As for the video games, there will minimal emphasis on the genres and name of the games. Although they have significance, the content and target audience of the video games will be the priority. Because this is a quantitative study of the topic, in-depth interviews and experiments are not going to be tackled. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature As Bryce and Rutter note, the most frequently advanced argument concerning the gendered nature of computer gaming relates to the representation and consumption of game content. In this study, boys as well as girls in the school students group were confident and experienced users of the Sims, with its emphasis on the traditionally feminine sphere of domestic space, although they used that space differently, in ways reflective of Jenkins distinction between risk taking and care taking (Beavis, 2005). It suggested that while there were clearly practices that good gamers utilized to develop expertise, specifically gendered practices could not so easily be identified. Rather, players investment in specific games, and their attitudes to themselves as successful or disinterested games players, shaped the ways in which they approached the games and used them in broader contexts of identity construction and display. In seeking to understand more about the ways in which young peoples out of school learnings and experiences around computer games might be utilized in the curriculum using ICTs in ways hospitable to both boys and girls, it is important to attend not just to the practices on display, but to issues of identity, purpose and social context in order to promote interest, flexibility and expertise. The study of young male and female gamers across these two very specific sites underlines the socially situated nature of play, in relation to both classroom and games activity. where relationships, contexts and purposes flowing across both on and offline play shape the practices entailed in the students discussion and activities, and the ways they engage with each other and the games. Understandings drawn from the observation of successful girl gamers suggest expertise is not just a matter of specific skills, strategies and familiarity, but is more broadly located within the complex dynamics of in- and out-of-school discourses and contexts that need to be factored in to the construction of gender-equitable pedagogy and curriculum (Beavis, 2005) In relation to future English curriculum and technology, the study suggested ways forward in implementing the study and utilization of technology. It lends support to the need to focus not just on texts and technology per se, but also on the ways in which these are used and aligned with the major adolescent project of identity. This study suggests the need to attend more broadly to such matters in considering how we might plan curriculum across the school that most usefully supports all students to become critical and effective users of technology. In playing computer games, young people are making use of ICTs for their own purposes, in complex and pleasurable ways. Computer games are an important aspect of what Sefton-Green describes as a wider ecology of education where schools, home, playtime, the library and museum all play a part . As such, they are a valuable site for exploring the ways in which new and older forms of literacy and multimodality combine, changing understandings of what constitutes text and engagement and providing insights into the highly effective learning principles incorporated into games as an essential precondition of commercial success and play. However, as Facer and others point out, much games research, while identifying the power of games and play to generate motivation or hard fun fails to recognize the social contexts in which games, fun and learning take place. They focus on the characteristics of the activity itself, on design issues, rather than on the players experience, attitudes and interests. As social geographers Soja, Skelton and Valentine Holloway and Valentine suggest, context and location play an important role both in the construction of meaning and the formation of identity and community, for young people as for others. It is not helpful to over generalize about games and gender regardless of the widespread temptation to do so. Citing Haraway on the need for a politics of location, Ang argues for a particularistic perspective for research into gender and media consumption. She asserts the fundamental instability of the role of gender in media consumption practice and the impossibility of assuming pre-articulated gender identities. Gendered practices, she argues, are shaped at the site of interaction with media technologies, with both gender and media consumption both needing to be problematized. As Charles have argued elsewhere, Angs observations suggest that gendered identities do not simply pre-exist the act and location of game play. Rather, they are actively formed and constituted through particular instances of game play in particular contexts. These two sites then, provided very different but particular instances in which to explore the ways in which the boys, girls and young women in our study engaged with computer games, and the meanings both the games and their involvement with them had for them. With the school students, we were very aware of the heightened artificiality of the research site. Even for those students who played computer games at home, the presence of games in the classroom, hitched to curricular activities and purposes, was likely to change important aspects of their reading and play. We were conscious of the ways in which texts and purposes often change when appropriated for institutional purposes, and the powerful effects of location on both reading and identity, consistent with the socially situated nature of literacy practices. During interviews and observations of the students, we found both continuities and contradictions between the ways they played and presented themselves during the classroom lessons and what they told us of their game playing and leisure preferences and activities at their friends places and at home. In the case of the young women in the Counterstrike clan at the internet cafà © there was less dissonance between the research site and the interviews, and a closer approximation to a more natural ethnographic study was possible. An argument often made is computer culture (and by extension, computer software) could be positively transformed through the integration of girls and womens insights (AAUW, 2000,). Our research seeks to test this assumption. If the assumption is true, then the gender of a software designer in a setting where she can express her true perspectives and preferences would be expected to have a measurable impact on her design process and/or her design outcome. The proposition should be tested. If we document that gender of the designer does influence the software design outcome, this compelling result could help motivate the computer industry to integrate girls and women onto their teams. It would also advance our understanding of the impact of gender on design. The often proposed solution of involving more women and girls in game design assumes that game designers create games which are appealing to themselves. The expectation that girl-designed games will appeal more to girls than boy-designed games presumes that by growing up girl, or growing up boy, a designer embodies some kind of implicit understanding of what appeals not just to themselves, but to their gender and this will naturally be reflected in the designs they create (Heeter,2004). . Considerable research has been conducted on girls and games, including amount of game play by gender, genre and play style preferences, spatial orientation gender differences, and a variety of recommendations of what girl-friendly games should be like. These studies often conclude with a call to involve more women in game design. But the presumption that doing so will result in games which appeal to girls has not been tested. Issues of girls and their gaming preferences are explored through observations of computer games sessions at an all-girl state school. What emerged is that preferences are alterable, and site specific. Gaming selections relate to the attributes of particular games but they also depend on a players recognition of these attributes and the pleasures they entail. Players accumulate these competencies and they are an assemblage, made up of past experiences, and subject to situation and context (Carr,2005). So, what computer games do girls like? The answer is that it depends. Socialization may well play its part, yet our gaming preferences will also depend on where we are, what we know, who we know, what weve tried, and what weve grown tired of. Distinctions in taste between male and female players reflect patterns in games access and consumption that spring from (very) gendered cultural and social practices. As this suggests, accounts of gaming preference need to be situated within a framework that incorporates reference to players previous access to games and existing gaming knowledge. Gaming preferences need to be conceptualized within a paradigm that can accommodate mobility, increment, learning and alteration. Different people will accumulate particular gaming skills, knowledge and frames of reference, according to the patterns of access and peer culture they encounter and these accumulations will pool as predispositions, and manifest as preferences. Familiarity and competence feed into a players experiences of gaming, partly determining the pleasures that he or she will expect, recognize and access, and thereby impacting on preferences that might be expressed as a result. Preferences are an assemblage, made up of past access and positive experiences, and subject to situation and context. The constituents of preference (such as access) are shaped by gender and, as a result, gaming preferences manifest along gendered lines. It is not difficult to generate data that will indicate that gendered tastes exist, but it is short sighted to divorce such preferences from the various practices that form them. To attribute gaming tastes directly, solely or primarily to an individual subjects gender, is to risk underestimating the complexities of both subjectivity and preference. The constituents of preference, such as access, are certainly shaped by gender. As a result, gaming preferences may manifest along gendered lines. It is not difficult to generate data indicating that gendered tastes exist, but it is short sighted to divorce these outcomes from the various practices that contribute to their formation. So, what computer games do girls like? The answer is that it depends. Socialization may well play its part, yet our gaming preferences will also depend on where we are, what we know, who we know, what weve tried, and what weve grown tired of. Distinctions in taste between male and female players reflect patterns in games access and consumption that spring from (very) gendered cultural and social practices. As this suggests, accounts of gaming preference need to be situated within a framework that incorporates reference to players previous access to games and existing gaming knowledge. Gaming preferences need to be conceptualized within a paradigm that can accommodate mobility, increment, learning and alteration. Different people will accumulate particular gaming skills, knowledge and frames of reference, according to the patterns of access and peer culture they encounter and these accumulations will pool as predispositions, and manifest as preferences. Familiarity and competence feed into a players experiences of gaming, partly determining the pleasures that he or she will expect, recognize and access, and thereby impacting on preferences that might be expressed as a result. Preferences are an assemblage, made up of past access and positive experiences, and subject to situation and context. The constituents of preference (such as access) are shaped by gender and, as a result, gaming preferences manifest along gendered lines. It is not difficult to generate data that will indicate that gendered tastes exist, but it is short sighted to divorce such preferences from the various practices that form them. To attribute gaming tastes directly, solely or primarily to an individual subjects gender, is to risk underestimating the complexities of both subjectivity and preference. Given that computer gaming is routinely claimed to be more popular and more frequently engaged in by males, it is seems a reasonable extrapolation that the activities and practices which constitute computer gaming are also gendered. Indeed, these are the activities which define computer gaming as a social practice. It is the negotiated experiences of everyday gaming which give a reality to game texts and realise the socially situated nature of gaming activities. The gendering of gaming experiences is, in part, related to perceptions of gendered game content and notions of gender roles and appropriate leisure activities. It has been suggested that females are more affiliative and nurturing, preferring leisure activities which have a stronger social aspect. This, when linked to a general (but largely empirically unsupported) perception that gaming is not a social activity, but a solitary activity for male nerds or geeks, seems to quite neatly offer a model for understanding gendered gaming. However, such an argument is essentialist and circular in nature, ignoring the actual negotiation and resistance which occurs within gaming strategies. This raises two issues which relate to the gendering of computer gaming: firstly access and participation in gaming activity is restricted and exclusion is experienced at a local level. Secondly, that exclusion creates expectations of rejection which, together with the identification of gaming as a male activity, discourages women from attempting to enter into gaming practices or associating themselves with being a gamer. Indeed comparative studies of the frequency of gaming in males and females may also reflect a lack of self-identification as a gamer by females who may perceive themselves as casual or infrequent gamers who have a more casual commitment to the activity. While neither of the propositions outlined are inaccurate, the circular relationship argued to exist between them does not offer a position for gamers and researchers to examine the origins of, or a means to break out of the cycle. Indeed, as was previously argued, when we look at gaming developments there is little doubt that computer gaming is an increasingly social and public leisure activity and one that is cross-gender. This is highlighted by the development of gaming communities and networks. It is apparent that gaming practices are undergoing rapid social and technical changes and at the same time it is noticeable that gendered perceptions of gaming are changing. This is demonstrated by groups such as grrl gamers, female online gaming clans and web communities, all of which have been successfully discussed elsewhere. This is not a phenomenon unique to gaming and is consistent with the increased participation of females in other leisure activities which have been previously perceived to be male (e.g., football, rugby and extreme sports). In such activities female players and gamers are not only seeking parity with male counterparts, but are adopting and enacting oppositional stances to categoriZations of gender appropriateness, access to leisure activities and consumption. Although we do not wish to argue in a Fiskean sense that all gaming is an act of political challenge, it is possible to understand female gaming within a context of resistance to the constraints placed on female leisure in contemporary society. This is most clear in areas where visible female participation in masculine leisure activities challenges dominant gender stereotypes Crucially however, it is not necessary to look towards spectacular acts of opposition or web-based presentations of the self to see evidence of the gendering of gaming activities and the routine exclusion of female gamers. Schott Horrell successfully begin to unravel the routine and everyday manner in which gaming is negotiated in domestic settings. They demonstrate how even in homes in which the gaming machine belongs to a female member of the family it is fathers, brothers or cousins who take control of the technology as part of what they claim to be support or collaborative play Access to the technology and the gaming is controlled by the male player who assumes the role of expert by interpolating the female gamer into a subordinate role. The technology and its use creates an environment in which girl gamers are reproduced as not being skilled or technological competent enough to compete with the boys. Such behaviour reproduces the perception of computer gaming as a masculine activity and its relationship to its technological nature. Indeed it has been effectively argued that technology incorporates masculine culture and as such excludes females through the promotion of the idea of female technological inferiority and the gendering of technological artIfacts Given that such technologies are central to computer gaming practices and activities, their perception as masculine is a vital, but often ignored, aspect of the gendering of gaming. Like the experience of gendered spaces it is a form of gendered exclusion which is experienced, negotiated and reproduced at a routine and everyday level and further contributes to the lack of visibility of the female gamer. This critical evaluation of the gendering of computer gaming suggests that despite evidence of the gendering of activities and spaces associated with computer gaming, there is growing evidence that females do play computer games and this may be altering the perception of this activity as masculine. This may also provide a means of challenging the dominant view of female technological inferiority by changing gendered perceptions of technological abilities. This places emphasis on the ability to use technological skills and knowledge whilst emphasising competition in a variety of leisure spaces. The negotiation and reconstruction of gender identities through computer gaming is consistent with the notion of leisure spaces and activities as sites of resistance to dominant concepts of masculinity and femininity. Chapter 3 Conceptual Framework In the toy industry, manufacturers maintain that, once sexual difference kicks in after three years old, they are only responding to what the child market wants they are not creating a gendered demand, it is simply out there. All the many efforts that the toy industry has made to sell cross-gender toys and so find new markets have failed. Most do not even get to market. Cars as people who speak have held no appeal to girls, even if dolls in the sense of action figures have always appealed to boys. Electronic toys have little appeal to girls. Girls prefer pink and purple, boys prefer black orange, red and silver. We might wish otherwise, but these are the facts. Yet in recent years, the rise of feminine values has, still more than the rise in female employment, brought about a modest convergence between male and female roles in UK society. Aleks Krotoski is not alone in recognising that the same computer games can now appeal to both sexes even if Sheri Rainer Greys capture of the term gender inclusive for the computer games industry leaves a little to be desired (if gender inclusive, then why not our old friend, Unisex?). Nevertheless, the differences between games for women and games for men appear enduring ones. Computer games figure hardly, if at all, in the work of prominent feminists such as the late Andrea Dworkin, or Catherine MacKinnon. Yet in putting forward the view that pornography is the same thing as male violence, these authors have probably had a subtle influence on feminist thinking about computer games. No matter how great the take-up of games among girls and women, the continuing tastelessness of many masculine games is seen misanthropically as an enduring sign that mens horrid, aggressive lust for power, and indeed mens lust, will always be with us. People see human nature as the one exception to todays endlessly alleged world of accelerating change. Yet today human nature is more protean than it ever has been. Some sex differences will always endure, being biologically founded; but many will not, having social roots. Much that might endure turns out not to. Computer games dont transform teenagers into monsters. Yet they do involve, and will involve, a modest augmentation of our faculties. With his usual hyperbole, Sunday Times philosopher Brian Apple yard says that games are ontological prosthetics, artificial extensions into alternate conditions of being, independent of our rotting carcasses. 215 Still, games are indeed a small part of the extended human mind today. They do contribute to transformations in what it means to be human. Neither nurture in the sense of the parenting and schooling of children, nor nature as explained by the new disciplines of neurology and evolutionary psychology, can fully account for those transformations. In this sense, the answer to Q1 are the differences between men and women around the making and use of computer games to do with culture or biology? is simple enough. The differences that exist are not set in stone. References to culture and biology as direct and proximate causes of these differences fail to grasp this. They have more in common with description than explanation. Chapter 4 Method This is a qualitative/quantitative study. The descriptive research method was used for this thesis. The descriptive research design studies what is. It is a plan, structure and strategy so conceived in order to get answers to research questions or problems. It is a write-up of existing events, situation or phenomenon. It also involves description of classification and enumeration of collated data (Rebustes and Salvador, 2006). The descriptive research design also seeks to determine relationships between variables, explores causes of phenomena, tests hypotheses, and develops generalizations, principles or theories on the basis of its findings. While its primary concern are conditions and things which exist at the time of the study, it also considers past events and influences which are deemed related to what is studied in the present (Ardales, 2008). For this research, a survey will distributed via questionnaires to a population of about fifty persons. Alongside this survey, an online survey will also be done; a population of at least twenty is expected. The Instrument and the Data Gathering Procedure The researcher used primary sources in gathering the data. This was undertaken by preparing a survey questionnaire. To assist the researcher in validating the sources, information were sourced from newspapers, journals, digests, books, and the Internet. The researcher used a self-made but literature-based survey questionnaire to gather primary data. The questionnaire includes items that apply a 5-point Likert scale to gather the numerical equivalent of the responses. . Statistical Treatment of Data The data were counted, tabulated and analyzed. The statistical treatment of data were frequency, percentage and mean. Frequency Percentage % = n / N x 100 where: % = percentage n = number of classification n = total number of respondent Mean à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ f x s TM = N where: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ = Summation f = frequency in each scale s = scale of response N = total number of respondent Video Games and Gender Video Games and Gender Playing online game help reinforce gendered identities A case studies in women playing Audition Online game in Vietnam Introduction The apparent of â€Å"gendered space† in video gaming give the attention to both researcher and game makers, creating considerable and conflicting perspectives on its cause and strategies to address it. Before that, the gamer developers just concentrate to create the games for men and forgot that we have a big market segment is women. In many games, we can see most of characters are men and woman have unimportant role in these games. Despite game online began in Vietnam in 2000s, with growing numbers of games for both men and women, gaming continues to be a very â€Å"gendered practice†. Women play more online â€Å"casual† games such as The Sims. The same product like The Sims launched in 2006 created a big â€Å"echo† and has remained a position until now. The development of woman game is an indispensable rule when male market was not a fertile land. In this essay, the researcher will chose Audition Online to be a genre, and this research aim is analyzin g internet users to finding how they (game players) reinforce their identities in the online world. The game is Audition Online 2 Rhythm of life (Vietnamese: Nhà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹p Ä ià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡u Cuà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢c Sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœng), is a downloadable  multiplayer online casualrhythm game (MMORGs), This game is the first online music in Vietnam with a play based on the control characters represent hip hop dance music on the popular music of Vietnam and the world is remade style dance music. Gender and gendered space It is the fact that the terminology within gender theory literature varies, it is important to define the terms used. It is first vital to establish the difference between gender and sex. According to Renzetti Curran (2003), â€Å"a biological given, sex (i.e., maleness or femaleness) is used as the basis for constructing a social category that we call gender (i.e., man or woman).†; Gender socially generated attributes and behaviors, usually organized in a binary, dichotomously as masculinity and femininity (follow, Behrmann, 2011). Genderrefers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. To put it another way: Male and female are sex categories, while masculine and feminine are gender categories (WHO, 2014). In the Anthropology of Apace and Place, Low and Lawrence-Zuniga (2003) offer us the following definition of gendered spaces – â€Å"particular locales that cultures invest with gendered meanings, sites in which sex-differentiated practices occur, or settings that are used strategically to inform identity and produce and reproduce asymmetrical gender relation of power and authority† (flow Adelman Moraes, 2008, p. 107). Gendered space separate women from knowledge used by men to produce and reproduce and privilege. (Spain, 1992, p. 3) Method This essay use documentary analysis method. The data is secondary data come from many resources, such as: books, book chapters, essays, interviews, discussions, newspaper headlines and articles, historical documents, speeches, conversations, advertising, theater, informal conversation, or really any occurrence of communicative language (Bowen, 2009). Robson (2002) pointed out the advantage is that documents are unobtrusive and can be used without imposing on participants; they can be checked and re-checked for reliability. Audition is distinctive in its open-endless, offering players a majority variety of potential gaming character styles, Audition offered a particularly useful for exploring how gender how gender might have influenced the women’s orientations and practices within the games (information about the game, see http://au.vtc.vn) The Figured World of Audition – Small society of Audition Audition online allow players create and develop character by selecting attributes at beginning and throughout the game marking choices the dance style and fashion. The game officially begins with four locations: Discotheque (Broadcasting Station) where you compete with other players via the vibrant dance. Shop Shopping (Shopping Mall) where you buy music or, or choose costumes and other accessories idiosyncratic. Cafe (Cafe) where you meet and get acquainted with the other partner through the chat system. Home (My Home) where you practice, hone the spectacular dance moves, personalized avatars and the stage itself. In certain respects, it is similar to Audition popular simulation game The Sims. The girl will certainly enjoyed his return home (My Home) after each show to open separate room or decorate the house according to your individual interests, and personalization stage and avatar. If you do not want to dance anymore, you can visit cafes to communicate, make friends with other members. When you have found the dancer having the same level, you will have more confidence to back new Discotheque where you can performances in double dance or dance group. Store (Shopping Mall) is not only a place for the girl love to shop but also a place for the boy proved dating level with the partner. There are two fields to choose from Music and Fashion. Music is the place where you can listen to and buy music for their own collections, while fashion is where the purchase of costumes for the characters. In addition to the usual items bought by Den (online money), you can buy some goods especially in Cash. Yo u can rent (1 week, 1 month) or permanent purchase items with Cash. In addition, you can also gift (with the purchase of this item) to another player mode Gift box. Players can choose the gender of the character, the physical elements like height, size breakdown, hair color, face, eye color. Players also choose outfits and design their own home. Players can shape their own kind of dance they participate by choosing halls and rooms of different competitions. Join in the dance room, depending on the type of dance class and you will receive experience points and Den (game currency), respectively.Experience point helps you level up to gain access to the level is higher, the higher challenges as well as adding new songs.Den help players improve accessories for character, create a difficult style of character. Building new identity as newbie player Some researchers have focused on the opportunities that video gaming provides for experimenting with new identities, identities that might challenge dominant conceptions of gender roles. The way that each woman oriented toward Audition as a gamer were clearly influenced by the ways that she had come to understand herself clearly and her identity in the past. In this section, I will discuss several aspects of their game experience: their initial creation of physical appearance, how the game seemed to encourage exploration of new identities within the games. Graner (2004, follow Hayes, 2007) suggested three main factors about gender differences in gaming of women include: (1) woman want to achieve something socially significant and beneficial, (2) women want errors delete and to continue in the game, (3) women prefer observe model game play. Firstly, newbies showed quite different orientations to learning how to play the game, providing good examples of the diverse ways that new gamers might orient to game play (Hayes, 2007). While Audition is open-ended, it does have a series of quests that move the player central storyline, that of developing player identity as icon fashion and dancer. For some players, the success in the game will open a chance to famous in the real world. Many player joined Miss Audition competition, and become a â€Å"hot-girl†, famous singers, dancers, and actors. Some player learned the fashion trend and knowledge by seeing the new style in the online store, and adapting to building their real style in the real world. The women were more motivated by the significance of their own personal goals rather than by any particular goals offered by the game itself (Hayes, 2007). For example, Bao Thy is one of the most teenager singer develop her career from Audition. In 2006, Thy participated Miss Audition, the girl have nickname â€Å"Lona† to performed 2 song and dance copy from game, and won the crown. Secondly, Audition is a relatively forgiving game; the players can save at any point and never death. For example, After many hours of game play with hip-hop style dance, the players can choose other dance room, and chose other avatar, other appearance when players did not like current status. Players may see this as a test, and can completely change his style, which creates a new identity for their characters. This test is the same as a process of learning and perfecting their style of play and his style. Players can spend so many times to experiment with different styles to choose a style that you really want. Thirdly, it is very difficult to predict the preferences of new gamers. How a new gamer will approach learning to play a game will be reflective of her goals and self-confidence (Hayes, 2007). Of course, showed a variety of learning model, and not all games are as flexible. In addition, each player struggled with learning to navigate the game space, and their personal goals combined with the pressure of a course requirement contributed to their persistence. Playing like a girl? The meanings of gendered practices Women have different interpretations of and responses to overtly gendered practices within video games, just as they do in the â€Å"real world.† Take as one example the assertion that women prefer games that allow them to develop cooperative social relationships, rather than games that feature violence as the main form of social ‘interaction’ (Goodale, 2004). Audition offers somewhat unlimited opportunities for cooperative social relationships, concentrating in talking and sharing. In Audition Online game, the players were able to take very different approaches to developing their characters’ abilities, which also meant that they acquired quite different sorts of knowledge, skills and even real money related to the game. Players contact together and build social relationship within the game, which developed their character’s personality skills. Players share the experience and skills to be able to earn points through which virtual money to buy clothes, houses. From here, creating a rivalry between the players, people have to spend money to buy things other people to assert their position in the game. However, there are still players only buy fashionable clothes based on the score they actually earn. Audition allows players to increase the persuasiveness of their character by outfitting them with attractive clothing. Player changed their clothes often, in response to different situations in the game. In addition, Audition has done a good job of connecting players through the model of little family. In particular, the function of Marriage and Childbirth in game helped improve friendship, love blossomed from the virtual world into the real world steps. Enjoying â€Å"feminine† combat Combat is typically used as an example of masculine practice commonly found in video games that women do not find appealing. In Audition, the â€Å"no blood† combat is equally fierce, women often expressed an initial desire to avoid fighting, woman players combat differently, in relation to their own past experience and goals. When it became apparent that fighting was unavoidable, at least for self-defense, they both improvised identities and practices that allowed them to engage in combat in ways that they found comfortable and rewarding (Hayes, 2007). Some player want to become famous fashion icon in games lead them to join in the race of buying fashion. They enjoyed competition, particularly to obtain leader role in dance room. References Adelman, M. and Moraes, F. A (2008). Breaking their way in: Women jockeys at the racetrack in Brazil. Advancing Gender Research from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Centuries. Advances in Gender Research, Volume 12, p. 99-123. Behrmann, Erika M., Investigating Trait Attribution through Gendered Avatar Play: An Analysis of The Sims 3 (2011). Master s Theses and Doctoral Dissertations. Paper 372. Debitage (2014). Gender and Sexuality. Debitage.net. Available from: http://debitage.net/humangeography/gender.html. [Accessed: 15th Nov 2014]. Goodale, G. (2004). Games women play. Christian Science Monitor. 2004, June 11, 2004. Available from: http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0611/p13s01-stin.h. [Accessed: 15th Nov 2014]. Hayes, E (2007). Gendered Identities at play: Case studies of two women playing Morrowind. Games and Culture Volume 2 Number 1, p. 1-26, 2007. Spain, D. (1992). Gendered Space. The University of North Carolina Press. 1992. WHO (2014). What do we mean by sex and gender? WHO 2014. Available from: http://www.who.int/gender/whatisgender/en/. [Accessed: 15th Nov 2014].

Dunkirk and the Battle of Britain Essay -- Papers

Dunkirk and the Battle of Britain Dunkirk began the 24th May 1940, when French and English soldiers were trapped on the beach of Dunkirk fighting a losing battle against the Germans. So the British launched a desperate attempt to evacuate them back to British soil where they would be safe, known as operation dynamo. Soldiers were rescued from the beaches in France by the thousands; overall 350,000 were brought back to England with 139,997 French, almost all the BEF were saved. I am going to read through all the sources and decide whether I agree with AJP Taylor's interpretation of the result of Dunkirk. To en able me to answer the question I will use a variety of sources from paintings, photographs, written extracts and a short video clip. It is important to look at each source and conclude the successes and disasters about Dunkirk. All the sources were made by British people therefore they may come across as biased. Source A is a contemporary painting created by Charles Cundall, it shows the troops being rescued from the Dunkirk beaches. It is a secondary source, because, Charles Cundall wasn't actually at Dunkirk when it happened, this makes the source less reliable because it is an artist's impression. This source shows a lot of deliverance that also fits with my knowledge such as the many soldiers being rescued via pleasure boats, fishing boats etc to be rescued. There are big boats, small boats with all different appearances, because the public helped in this desperate attempt to evacuate the British and the French and save thousands of lives. In the background you can see the moles, which also became useful, they allo... ...ctics include the fact that the British soldiers buried themselves in the sand to prevent the Germans seeing them. Therefore I conclude that looking back at my statement 'Dunkirk was a great deliverance and a great disaster' I think that there was not sufficient evidence to support this quotation because I sources that I have read apart from one have been totally biased towards Britain. The only exception was source F this showed both sides and point of views and contained sufficient evidence although it would because it was written by AJP Taylor. Most of the other sources lacked evidence and didn't fit with my knowledge and were used for propaganda to boost morale. However taking into account that evidence was more for the patriotic feel, which boosted morale on home front, therefore balanced deliverance of Dunkirk.

Literature, Business, and Social Change

Literature offers wide variety of genre depending on the context and expression. It gives fictional and non-fictional attack to its audience that magnifies the society. We use literature to inform the public in whatever objective and intention it may be. According to some literature scholars and professors, literature is the mirror of the society. It gives voice to those who are voiceless, it gives life to the lifeless, and it gives hope to the hopeless. Literature is mostly about the goodness of the society, of the earth.However, because literature is the mirror of the society, some writer attempted to write or describe the flaws of life and weaknesses of humanity to justify both sides of mortal and immortal life. Different kinds of literature vary from different shapes and sizes. All aspects of living are literature – any kind of communication is literature, graffiti is literature, gossip is literature, writing is literature. Therefore, â€Å"almost† everything is par t of literature. Different societal factors used literature to broaden the knowledge of public towards their institution.Other reason is that using literature can be a form of social change. It may not manifest today, there is hope that it will change the future negative situation and strengthen the positive situation of the institutions. Because of the wide variety of literature, different bodies of society used literature and its branches to acknowledge their importance and virtues for the reason that literature brings life to past, present, and future – business culture is one of those. Several books and articles have been written on the intersection between literature and business and/or business ethics.Still, it is one thing to claim that literature can contribute to our understanding of business conduct, but yet another to claim that literature can contribute to the related goal of improving moral conduct in business. (Michaelson, 2005) Past and Present Situation Busine ss through Literature Like any other institutions, the world of business also uses literature to attract customers. The business culture also has its business literature that is used to inform their customers about their products and service. Some of the business literatures are brochures and newsletters.However, questions may be asked about the connection of core literature to the culture of business. Does literature show the history of business? There are different kinds of literature about business like the Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare, The Pit by Norris Frank, Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy, and the most familiar literature about business is the Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller. The Death of a Salesman is a play in 1949 that described the life of having â€Å"American Dream†. The story of this play substantiates the life of being successful in the world of business along with different conflicts and dilemmas.The main character’s perception towa rds his dream triggers his life to an end. It implies that there is no problem in believing and reaching your goals but you must take the course of problems and pains. In the case of the main character, he takes the course of success in a complex situation that put his life into the grave. This kind of literature in the past show that business will always be business, some win while some lose. However, does this kind of attack in creating a story about business is still necessary in this present times?Many fictional short stories depict business culture and tradition in different aspects. Fables about greed and envy also manifests in the business culture. One example of fable on business is, â€Å"The Dog and The Bone†. A dog held a juicy bone in his jaws as he crossed a bridge over a brook. When he looked down into the water, he saw another dog below with what appeared to be a bigger juicier bone. He jumped into the brook to snatch the bigger bone, letting go his own bone, H e quickly learned of course that the bigger bone was just a reflection, and so he ended up with nothing. (Phillips, n.d. ) This example shows that greed, envy, selfishness, and being self-centered still exist from the past until today. Even if it does not deliberate or used human to describe the situation, it insists that the actions of the dog can be obtained by human in their workplace. However, literature helps us define the changes of business from the past, the present, and the future. It can be seen through the details and collaborations of different stories and essays about business. Past writings about business stated the dream and aim of a person or group of people in the world of business.Present writings show the situation, life, and dilemmas in the workplace. Future writings will soon cover the examples of great businesspersons who monopolized and conquered the business world. One instrumental function of literature is to imitate life, thereby expanding our vision beyond our parochial interests; to see literature merely as a didactic instrument to serve business interests misses the point that literature should expand understanding, our sense of what in addition to business is interesting and valuable.(Michaelson, 359) Business somehow depends on the factor of literature because here is where the culture of business relies – its history, flaws, weaknesses, and strength that might help to overcome the future circumstances. That is why even companies need a story to survive. Genre Specificities in Literature of Business As according to the examples above, genres vary on the context of each scenario or case in the workplace. There are sites like businessballs.com who share their stories, fables, and analogies on business using both human and non-human to be their characters in order to both entertain and acknowledge the potentials and characteristics of the employees as well as the owners when it comes to their career. According to one of the a rticles of New York Times entitled â€Å"The Media Business: Revenge of the Underlings Becomes a Literary Genre†, different forms of literary genres was used in different forms of writings about business.However, the best literary genre that suits the culture of business is realistic fiction as what the play â€Å"The Death of Salesman† implies because through this kind of genre, people can relate to the literary piece and could acquire those lessons to their workplace. Through this, social change within the workplace will be more necessary and trivial for the reason that there are people became dependent towards literature especially during these modern times where a wide variety of literature are available in the market, which brings sociological impact not only to the doer but also to the people around him or her.Literature as a Form of Change in Business Culture In every form of reading, it is the audiences’ responsibility to take action towards what they re ad whether it is for the better of their individuality or not. In business culture, literary pieces played a big role to help business perceive the history, the present and the future of their institution. However, because literature is the mirror of the society and it caters a wide range of genres and context, it should be said that not only good things are shown while negativities of this societal body was hidden.Literature is transparent in everyway; it gives what the public needs to know in order to be informed as one of the purpose of literature. Business literatures are often used to negotiate and close the deals between companies and clients. In this aspect, literature did a great job in participating to the business culture as seeking information and justifications on its products and services. Through this, changes in the business world from its employees up to its owners will manifests in a positive way wherein they could provide much services and accurate details to their customers.Literature and Business Audience When business leaders or even employers and employees read the story of â€Å"The Trench-Digger†, they would realize that despite of circumstances and struggle, a person would do all things just to get a job. Most of the time, we put ourselves in the shoes of other people especially when we are reading a story or watching a movie. When the story ended as what we expect, we will mold ourselves according to the story and will soon act as the main character in order to survive the circumstances that are related to the tale.Through these manifestations, change will occur based on the result of interpretation and observation of the situation of the text. For example, when you read the â€Å"The Trench-Digger†, you will realize that in every work or job, a person should be worth it in a way that he or she must have his or her capabilities from his or her previous jobs. Because experience is one of the most important when finding a job, even a hard task will be done if the person is willing to learn and have an optimistic point of view towards success.As the reader took his of herself to the story, he or she also made a decision for change. Once he or she believed in a certain narrative or writings, it means that he or she is willing to do some actions in his or her workplace. However, it is hard to make a change alone, that is why people who read a story, essay, or anything about change and optimism, they will make their friends or officemates to be enlightened by reading the same text. In this case, change will come from a group of individuals who wanted clarity and sensibility to their workplace.Literature and the Main Purpose of Business We all know that business is a business. It was established to have profit. The main purpose of business is to motivate its people to have income in a way of establishing different strategies and ideas. These issues are already accepted by the society – it cannot be changed. Meanwhile, literature is an implication of transformation. Therefore, these issues of business opposed the essence of literature. We all know that the main purpose of literature is to inform the public about the situation in the society, it also gives data and evidence of history.In this case, literature also implicates negativities and affirmative construction towards the bodies of society. Business’s main purpose was being attacked by literature if it implies teachings that are below the belt like envy, greed, and self-centered perspectives just because they want to earn profit. Literature understands the goal of business as it is but the people or actions behind this body could not be hidden from the mirror of the society. Aside from this, change will be depending on the readers alone because literature held its stand in whatever struggle it may be.Literature, Business, and Social Change Each author has their own perspective on what they write. They also deal wit h the problems of their writings as it conquers the visions of its audience. In the case of business culture, author used ideas that are relevant to the issue that will give information to the public on its essence, importance, as well as its weaknesses. Through this, the desire of the author to change the social environment of the business audience will still depend on its attack and impact to the readers.Authors lay their stand and evidences towards the issues; it is the responsibility of the readers to take the solution as a threat or enlightenment. This paper tells from the beginning up to its end that literature is a way of informing and applying its perspectives to its audience. It brings great social change in business culture because business relies on the ideas and creativity of literature in order to build relationship between the company and its clients. Literature teaches its business audience to deal with the sociological standards of life.It brings sociological impact if the reader will make its life as what the text stated but literature will be senseless if the reader could not do some necessary changes to its workplace because she is afraid to do it or treat literature as insignificant fictional entity of the society. As a whole, literature and business are interrelated factors that mould the society in different level or perspective. We assumed that business is one of the biggest factor to maintain our economic growth, and from this paper, we knew that literature contributed to its evolution and development.In this case, business would be paralyzed in some aspects of expansion without the help of literature. Aside from this, social change in workplace were introduced because of literature as it reveals the situation, cases, and issues of business culture from the past, present, until the future. Therefore, it can be said that business, literature, and social change are interconnected that have certain process of attachment to conduct greater sense of knowledge and responsibility not only in the business culture but also in society as well.References Business Literature. (n. d. ). Encyclopedia of Small Business. Retrieved October 18, 2007, from Answers. com Web site: http://www. answers. com/topic/business-literature Chapman, Allan. (1995). Stories and analogies: Illustrations and analogies for motivation, inspiration, learning and training. Businessballs. com. Retrieved on October 19, 2007 from http://www. businessballs. com/stories. htm#dog_and_the_bone_story Columbo, R. (n. d. ).The trench-digger story (initiative, self-development, making things happen, career advancement, how to get a job requiring experience when you have none). Businessballs. com. Retrieved on October 19, 2007 from http://www. businessballs. com/stories. htm#dog_and_the_bone_story Michaelson, C. (2005). Dealing with Swindlers and Devils: Literature and Business thics. Journal of Business Ethics. Retrieved on October 19, 2007 from http://www. sprin gerlink. com/content/x1041j786u456g18/ Miller, A. (1976).Death of Salesman. Penguin Paperbacks Philips, J. (n. d. ) The dog and the bone story (be content with what you have, greed and envy seldom pay). Businessballs. com. Retrieved on October 19, 2007 from http://www. businessballs. com/stories. htm#dog_and_the_bone_story Stanley, A. (2002). The Media Business: Revenge of the Underlings Becomes a Literary Genre. New York Times. Retrieved on October 19, 2007 from http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9504E6DF163CF931A25755C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2

A Profile of Byzantine Emperor Alexios Komnenos

A Profile of Byzantine Emperor Alexios Komnenos Alexius Comnenus, also known as  Alexios Komnenos, is perhaps best known for seizing the throne from Nicephorus III and founding the Comnenus dynasty. As emperor, Alexius stabilized the government of the empire. He was also Emperor during the First Crusade. Alexius is the subject of a biography by his learned daughter, Anna Comnena. Occupations: EmperorCrusade WitnessMilitary Leader Places of Residence and Influence: Byzantium (Eastern Rome) Important Dates: Born: 1048Crowned: April 4, 1081Died: Aug. 15, 1118 About Alexius Comnenus Alexius was the third son of John Comnenus and a nephew of Emperor Isaac I. From 1068 to 1081, during the reigns of Romanus IV, Michael VII, and Nicephorus III, he served in the military; then, with the help of his brother Isaac, his mother Anna Dalassena, and his powerful in-laws the Ducas family, he seized the throne from Nicephorus III. For more than half a century the empire had suffered from ineffective or short-lived leaders. Alexius was able to drive the Italian Normans from western Greece, defeat Turkic nomads whod been invading the Balkans, and halt the encroachment of the Seljuq Turks. He also negotiated agreements with Sulayman ibn Qutalmà ¯sh of Konya and other Muslim leaders on the empires eastern border. At home he strengthened the central authority and built up military and naval forces, thus increasing imperial strength in portions of Anatolia (Turkey) and the Mediterranean. These actions helped stabilize Byzantium, but other policies would cause difficulties for his reign. Alexius made concessions to powerful landed magnates which would serve to weaken the authority of himself and future emperors. Although he maintained the traditional imperial role of protecting the Eastern Orthodox Church and repressed heresy, he also seized funds from the Church when necessary, and would be called to account for these actions by the ecclesiastical authorities. Alexius is well known for appealing to Pope Urban II for help in driving the Turks from Byzantine territory. The resulting influx of Crusaders would plague him for years to come.

Newly liberated people Essays

Newly liberated people Essays Newly liberated people Essay Newly liberated people Essay What small prospects for success would face a society which openly announced its intention of imposing a second imperial tutelage on a newly liberated people?   -Mass Communications and American Empire  In many respects, the second Bush administrations efforts at information control are too heavy-handed for the late Herbert Schillers subtle model of mind mold. From Lynne Cheneys American Council of Trustees and Alumni to John Poindexters Total Information Awareness, 43 makes no bones about a hyper-patriotic process of inculcation in the service of a powerful ruling class. What is unusual, as a feature article this month in the Connecticut Law Tribune avows, is the extent to which President Bush and Attorney General Ashcroft are the chief cheer-leaders in this movement, equating legitimate dissent with supporting terrorism.While Schiller is no longer here to parse current events, he might be surprised at the extent to which the notion of a veritable carpet-bombing of the public consciousness informs todays critical literature. Indications of a political economy at work in the newsroom abound, from outspoken Tom Guttings dismissal from the Texas Sun within two weeks of 9/11 to Exxon Mobils withdrawal of support for PBS announced last month2. And Schiller could easily explain the FCCs new quest to regulate the Internet backbone (so that we can limit any service disruption in these troubled times) or The Rendon Groups no-bid contract with the Pentagon (to help the Joint Chiefs achieve their policy objectives). Even the five networks agreement to censor videotapes of Osama bin Laden reminded observers that, For some time, communications and space satellites have been providing intelligence that is of great tactical value in what is now euphemistically called counter-insurgency.3 Bin Laden does not have the capabilities for an operation of this magnitude, Egyptian journalist Mohammed Heikal told The Guardian, in October 2001. When I hear Bush talking about al Qaeda as if it were Nazi Germany or the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, I laugh because I know what is there. Bin Laden has been under surveillance for years: every telephone call was monitored and al Qaeda has been penetrated by American intelligence, Pakistani intelligence, Saudi intelligence, Egyptian intelligence. They could not have kept secret an operation that required such a degree of organization and sophistication. Here at home, where police and the military trained their electronic eyes on protesters at Ws inauguration, Schillers predicate marriage of economics and electronics goes largely ungoverned.5 Video surveillance and facial recognition are easy to sell to a public more paranoid than ever before about terrorists, murderers, rapists, child molesters, cop killers, robbers, and prison escapees in our midst. What could be less objectionable than catching terrorists?6 Schiller would appreciate the forthcoming bailout in the name of homeland security of the telecoms industry, which by 1966, he wrote, had morphed from being an essential support to our international activities to being an instrument of foreign policy. In the meantime, Lewis Lapham believes, foreign policy has become a cash cow for our politicians friends in the defense industry-with predictable results. The attack was an attack on American foreign policy, he said a year after 9/11, which for the last 30 years, had allied itself, both at home and abroad, with despotism and the weapons trade, a policy conducted by and for a relatively small cadre of selfish interests. Quoting George Ball, who extolled MNCs as the engines that give thrust to American expansionism, Schiller cynically agreed that the power structure found few things more hopeful for the future than the growing determination of American business to regard national boundaries as no longer fixing the horizons of their corporate activity.9 Juergen Habermas made this now-common knowledge his point of departure two months after 9/11. Instead of a globalization that consists of a market without boundaries, he told an audience of German publishers and booksellers awarding him a peace prize, many of us hope for a return of the political in another form. Not in the original form of a global security state, tied to the spheres of the police, intelligence services and now even the military, but instead as a worldwide, civilizing power of formation. Today, the language of the market penetrates every pore and forces every interpersonal relation into the schema of individual preference. The social bond, however, is based on mutual recognition and cannot be reduced to the concepts of contract, rational choice and the maximization of utility.  Finally, we find echoes of Schillers ideological quandary in contemporary efforts to understand our national dilemma The cultural puzzle that remains is why Congress and Americas citizens, given the opportunity to dissent, instead consented to Bushs new doctrine of pre-emptive war to be undertaken by the president entirely at his discretion.For fellow theorist J. Michael Sproule, the popular quiescence is no mystery. Any explicit statements that the Administration makes against dissent, he writes, are relatively minor elements in the panoply of a cultural propaganda of war and crisis. Propaganda in an open-information system works best when people are induced to acquiesce without immediate pressure. The key element in the Bush Administrations public-opinion campaign RE the Iraq war is Bushs having assumed a general mantle of a War President, extending an immediate, yet diffuse, crisis of terrorism to a wide-ranging program of confronting selected unfriendlies. From this fundamental position, the Administration has made it difficult for opponents to establish a basis for an effective challenge. The vagueness of the crisis, combined with its having been framed as a War, induces avoidance on the part of the public and self-censorship on the part of opinion leaders. And everything feeds into what de Tocqueville observed as a cultural trait of Americans to praise the abstract idea of free speech but to shrink from articulating opinions that they believe may not be universally shared.